. /** * This file defines the class {@link question_definition} and its subclasses. * * @package moodlecore * @subpackage questiontypes * @copyright 2009 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die(); /** * The definition of a question of a particular type. * * This class is a close match to the question table in the database. * Definitions of question of a particular type normally subclass one of the * more specific classes {@link question_with_responses}, * {@link question_graded_automatically} or {@link question_information_item}. * * @copyright 2009 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ abstract class question_definition { /** @var integer id of the question in the datase, or null if this question * is not in the database. */ public $id; /** @var integer question category id. */ public $category; /** @var integer question context id. */ public $contextid; /** @var integer parent question id. */ public $parent = 0; /** @var question_type the question type this question is. */ public $qtype; /** @var string question name. */ public $name; /** @var string question text. */ public $questiontext; /** @var integer question test format. */ public $questiontextformat; /** @var string question general feedback. */ public $generalfeedback; /** @var integer question test format. */ public $generalfeedbackformat; /** @var number what this quetsion is marked out of, by default. */ public $defaultmark = 1; /** @var integer How many question numbers this question consumes. */ public $length = 1; /** @var number penalty factor of this question. */ public $penalty = 0; /** @var string unique identifier of this question. */ public $stamp; /** @var string unique identifier of this version of this question. */ public $version; /** @var boolean whethre this question has been deleted/hidden in the question bank. */ public $hidden = 0; /** @var integer timestamp when this question was created. */ public $timecreated; /** @var integer timestamp when this question was modified. */ public $timemodified; /** @var integer userid of the use who created this question. */ public $createdby; /** @var integer userid of the use who modified this question. */ public $modifiedby; /** @var array of question_hints. */ public $hints = array(); /** * Constructor. Normally to get a question, you call * {@link question_bank::load_question()}, but questions can be created * directly, for example in unit test code. * @return unknown_type */ public function __construct() { } /** * @return the name of the question type (for example multichoice) that this * question is. */ public function get_type_name() { return $this->qtype->name(); } /** * Creat the appropriate behaviour for an attempt at this quetsion, * given the desired (archetypal) behaviour. * * This default implementation will suit most normal graded questions. * * If your question is of a patricular type, then it may need to do something * different. For example, if your question can only be graded manually, then * it should probably return a manualgraded behaviour, irrespective of * what is asked for. * * If your question wants to do somthing especially complicated is some situations, * then you may wish to return a particular behaviour related to the * one asked for. For example, you migth want to return a * qbehaviour_interactive_adapted_for_myqtype. * * @param question_attempt $qa the attempt we are creating an behaviour for. * @param string $preferredbehaviour the requested type of behaviour. * @return question_behaviour the new behaviour object. */ public function make_behaviour(question_attempt $qa, $preferredbehaviour) { return question_engine::make_archetypal_behaviour($preferredbehaviour, $qa); } /** * Start a new attempt at this question, storing any information that will * be needed later in the step. * * This is where the question can do any initialisation required on a * per-attempt basis. For example, this is where the multiple choice * question type randomly shuffles the choices (if that option is set). * * Any information about how the question has been set up for this attempt * should be stored in the $step, by calling $step->set_qt_var(...). * * @param question_attempt_step The first step of the {@link question_attempt} * being started. Can be used to store state. * @param int $varant which variant of this question to start. Will be between * 1 and {@link get_num_variants()} inclusive. */ public function start_attempt(question_attempt_step $step, $variant) { } /** * When an in-progress {@link question_attempt} is re-loaded from the * database, this method is called so that the question can re-initialise * its internal state as needed by this attempt. * * For example, the multiple choice question type needs to set the order * of the choices to the order that was set up when start_attempt was called * originally. All the information required to do this should be in the * $step object, which is the first step of the question_attempt being loaded. * * @param question_attempt_step The first step of the {@link question_attempt} * being loaded. */ public function apply_attempt_state(question_attempt_step $step) { } /** * Generate a brief, plain-text, summary of this question. This is used by * various reports. This should show the particular variant of the question * as presented to students. For example, the calculated quetsion type would * fill in the particular numbers that were presented to the student. * This method will return null if such a summary is not possible, or * inappropriate. * @return string|null a plain text summary of this question. */ public function get_question_summary() { return $this->html_to_text($this->questiontext, $this->questiontextformat); } /** * @return int the number of vaiants that this question has. */ public function get_num_variants() { return 1; } /** * @return string that can be used to seed the pseudo-random selection of a * variant. */ public function get_variants_selection_seed() { return $this->stamp; } /** * Some questions can return a negative mark if the student gets it wrong. * * This method returns the lowest mark the question can return, on the * fraction scale. that is, where the maximum possible mark is 1.0. * * @return number minimum fraction this question will ever return. */ public function get_min_fraction() { return 0; } /** * Given a response, rest the parts that are wrong. * @param array $response a response * @return array a cleaned up response with the wrong bits reset. */ public function clear_wrong_from_response(array $response) { return array(); } /** * Return the number of subparts of this response that are right. * @param array $response a response * @return array with two elements, the number of correct subparts, and * the total number of subparts. */ public function get_num_parts_right(array $response) { return array(null, null); } /** * @param moodle_page the page we are outputting to. * @return qtype_renderer the renderer to use for outputting this question. */ public function get_renderer(moodle_page $page) { return $page->get_renderer($this->qtype->plugin_name()); } /** * What data may be included in the form submission when a student submits * this question in its current state? * * This information is used in calls to optional_param. The parameter name * has {@link question_attempt::get_field_prefix()} automatically prepended. * * @return array|string variable name => PARAM_... constant, or, as a special case * that should only be used in unavoidable, the constant question_attempt::USE_RAW_DATA * meaning take all the raw submitted data belonging to this question. */ public abstract function get_expected_data(); /** * What data would need to be submitted to get this question correct. * If there is more than one correct answer, this method should just * return one possibility. If it is not possible to compute a correct * response, this method should return null. * * @return array|null parameter name => value. */ public abstract function get_correct_response(); /** * Apply {@link format_text()} to some content with appropriate settings for * this question. * * @param string $text some content that needs to be output. * @param int $format the FORMAT_... constant. * @param question_attempt $qa the question attempt. * @param string $component used for rewriting file area URLs. * @param string $filearea used for rewriting file area URLs. * @param bool $clean Whether the HTML needs to be cleaned. Generally, * parts of the question do not need to be cleaned, and student input does. * @return string the text formatted for output by format_text. */ public function format_text($text, $format, $qa, $component, $filearea, $itemid, $clean = false) { $formatoptions = new stdClass(); $formatoptions->noclean = !$clean; $formatoptions->para = false; $text = $qa->rewrite_pluginfile_urls($text, $component, $filearea, $itemid); return format_text($text, $format, $formatoptions); } /** * Convert some part of the question text to plain text. This might be used, * for example, by get_response_summary(). * @param string $text The HTML to reduce to plain text. * @param int $format the FORMAT_... constant. * @return string the equivalent plain text. */ public function html_to_text($text, $format) { return html_to_text(format_text($text, $format, array('noclean' => true)), 0, false); } /** @return the result of applying {@link format_text()} to the question text. */ public function format_questiontext($qa) { return $this->format_text($this->questiontext, $this->questiontextformat, $qa, 'question', 'questiontext', $this->id); } /** @return the result of applying {@link format_text()} to the general feedback. */ public function format_generalfeedback($qa) { return $this->format_text($this->generalfeedback, $this->generalfeedbackformat, $qa, 'question', 'generalfeedback', $this->id); } /** * Checks whether the users is allow to be served a particular file. * @param question_attempt $qa the question attempt being displayed. * @param question_display_options $options the options that control display of the question. * @param string $component the name of the component we are serving files for. * @param string $filearea the name of the file area. * @param array $args the remaining bits of the file path. * @param bool $forcedownload whether the user must be forced to download the file. * @return bool true if the user can access this file. */ public function check_file_access($qa, $options, $component, $filearea, $args, $forcedownload) { if ($component == 'question' && $filearea == 'questiontext') { // Question text always visible. return true; } else if ($component == 'question' && $filearea == 'generalfeedback') { return $options->generalfeedback; } else { // Unrecognised component or filearea. return false; } } } /** * This class represents a 'question' that actually does not allow the student * to respond, like the description 'question' type. * * @copyright 2009 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ class question_information_item extends question_definition { public function __construct() { parent::__construct(); $this->defaultmark = 0; $this->penalty = 0; $this->length = 0; } public function make_behaviour(question_attempt $qa, $preferredbehaviour) { question_engine::load_behaviour_class('informationitem'); return new qbehaviour_informationitem($qa, $preferredbehaviour); } public function get_expected_data() { return array(); } public function get_correct_response() { return array(); } public function get_question_summary() { return null; } } /** * Interface that a {@link question_definition} must implement to be usable by * the manual graded behaviour. * * @copyright 2009 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ interface question_manually_gradable { /** * Used by many of the behaviours, to work out whether the student's * response to the question is complete. That is, whether the question attempt * should move to the COMPLETE or INCOMPLETE state. * * @param array $response responses, as returned by * {@link question_attempt_step::get_qt_data()}. * @return bool whether this response is a complete answer to this question. */ public function is_complete_response(array $response); /** * Use by many of the behaviours to determine whether the student's * response has changed. This is normally used to determine that a new set * of responses can safely be discarded. * * @param array $prevresponse the responses previously recorded for this question, * as returned by {@link question_attempt_step::get_qt_data()} * @param array $newresponse the new responses, in the same format. * @return bool whether the two sets of responses are the same - that is * whether the new set of responses can safely be discarded. */ public function is_same_response(array $prevresponse, array $newresponse); /** * Produce a plain text summary of a response. * @param $response a response, as might be passed to {@link grade_response()}. * @return string a plain text summary of that response, that could be used in reports. */ public function summarise_response(array $response); /** * Categorise the student's response according to the categories defined by * get_possible_responses. * @param $response a response, as might be passed to {@link grade_response()}. * @return array subpartid => {@link question_classified_response} objects. * returns an empty array if no analysis is possible. */ public function classify_response(array $response); } /** * This class is used in the return value from * {@link question_manually_gradable::classify_response()}. * * @copyright 2010 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ class question_classified_response { /** * @var string the classification of this response the student gave to this * part of the question. Must match one of the responseclasses returned by * {@link question_type::get_possible_responses()}. */ public $responseclassid; /** @var string the actual response the student gave to this part. */ public $response; /** @var number the fraction this part of the response earned. */ public $fraction; /** * Constructor, just an easy way to set the fields. * @param string $responseclassid see the field descriptions above. * @param string $response see the field descriptions above. * @param number $fraction see the field descriptions above. */ public function __construct($responseclassid, $response, $fraction) { $this->responseclassid = $responseclassid; $this->response = $response; $this->fraction = $fraction; } public static function no_response() { return new question_classified_response(null, get_string('noresponse', 'question'), null); } } /** * Interface that a {@link question_definition} must implement to be usable by * the various automatic grading behaviours. * * @copyright 2009 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ interface question_automatically_gradable extends question_manually_gradable { /** * Use by many of the behaviours to determine whether the student * has provided enough of an answer for the question to be graded automatically, * or whether it must be considered aborted. * * @param array $response responses, as returned by * {@link question_attempt_step::get_qt_data()}. * @return bool whether this response can be graded. */ public function is_gradable_response(array $response); /** * In situations where is_gradable_response() returns false, this method * should generate a description of what the problem is. * @return string the message. */ public function get_validation_error(array $response); /** * Grade a response to the question, returning a fraction between * get_min_fraction() and 1.0, and the corresponding {@link question_state} * right, partial or wrong. * @param array $response responses, as returned by * {@link question_attempt_step::get_qt_data()}. * @return array (number, integer) the fraction, and the state. */ public function grade_response(array $response); /** * Get one of the question hints. The question_attempt is passed in case * the question type wants to do something complex. For example, the * multiple choice with multiple responses question type will turn off most * of the hint options if the student has selected too many opitions. * @param int $hintnumber Which hint to display. Indexed starting from 0 * @param question_attempt $qa The question_attempt. */ public function get_hint($hintnumber, question_attempt $qa); /** * Generate a brief, plain-text, summary of the correct answer to this question. * This is used by various reports, and can also be useful when testing. * This method will return null if such a summary is not possible, or * inappropriate. * @return string|null a plain text summary of the right answer to this question. */ public function get_right_answer_summary(); } /** * Interface that a {@link question_definition} must implement to be usable by * the interactivecountback behaviour. * * @copyright 2010 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ interface question_automatically_gradable_with_countback extends question_automatically_gradable { /** * Work out a final grade for this attempt, taking into account all the * tries the student made. * @param array $responses the response for each try. Each element of this * array is a response array, as would be passed to {@link grade_response()}. * There may be between 1 and $totaltries responses. * @param int $totaltries The maximum number of tries allowed. * @return numeric the fraction that should be awarded for this * sequence of response. */ public function compute_final_grade($responses, $totaltries); } /** * This class represents a real question. That is, one that is not a * {@link question_information_item}. * * @copyright 2009 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ abstract class question_with_responses extends question_definition implements question_manually_gradable { public function classify_response(array $response) { return array(); } } /** * This class represents a question that can be graded automatically. * * @copyright 2009 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ abstract class question_graded_automatically extends question_with_responses implements question_automatically_gradable { /** @var Some question types have the option to show the number of sub-parts correct. */ public $shownumcorrect = false; public function is_gradable_response(array $response) { return $this->is_complete_response($response); } public function get_right_answer_summary() { $correctresponse = $this->get_correct_response(); if (empty($correctresponse)) { return null; } return $this->summarise_response($correctresponse); } /** * Check a request for access to a file belonging to a combined feedback field. * @param question_attempt $qa the question attempt being displayed. * @param question_display_options $options the options that control display of the question. * @param string $filearea the name of the file area. * @return bool whether access to the file should be allowed. */ protected function check_combined_feedback_file_access($qa, $options, $filearea) { $state = $qa->get_state(); if (!$state->is_finished()) { $response = $qa->get_last_qt_data(); if (!$this->is_gradable_response($response)) { return false; } list($notused, $state) = $this->grade_response($response); } return $options->feedback && $state->get_feedback_class() . 'feedback' == $filearea; } /** * Check a request for access to a file belonging to a hint. * @param question_attempt $qa the question attempt being displayed. * @param question_display_options $options the options that control display of the question. * @param array $args the remaining bits of the file path. * @return bool whether access to the file should be allowed. */ protected function check_hint_file_access($qa, $options, $args) { if (!$options->feedback) { return false; } $hint = $qa->get_applicable_hint(); $hintid = reset($args); // itemid is hint id. return $hintid == $hint->id; } public function get_hint($hintnumber, question_attempt $qa) { if (!isset($this->hints[$hintnumber])) { return null; } return $this->hints[$hintnumber]; } public function format_hint(question_hint $hint, question_attempt $qa) { return $this->format_text($hint->hint, $hint->hintformat, $qa, 'question', 'hint', $hint->id); } } /** * This class represents a question that can be graded automatically with * countback grading in interactive mode. * * @copyright 2010 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ abstract class question_graded_automatically_with_countback extends question_graded_automatically implements question_automatically_gradable_with_countback { public function make_behaviour(question_attempt $qa, $preferredbehaviour) { if ($preferredbehaviour == 'interactive') { return question_engine::make_behaviour('interactivecountback', $qa, $preferredbehaviour); } return question_engine::make_archetypal_behaviour($preferredbehaviour, $qa); } } /** * This class represents a question that can be graded automatically by using * a {@link question_grading_strategy}. * * @copyright 2009 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ abstract class question_graded_by_strategy extends question_graded_automatically { /** @var question_grading_strategy the strategy to use for grading. */ protected $gradingstrategy; /** @param question_grading_strategy $strategy the strategy to use for grading. */ public function __construct(question_grading_strategy $strategy) { parent::__construct(); $this->gradingstrategy = $strategy; } public function get_correct_response() { $answer = $this->get_correct_answer(); if (!$answer) { return array(); } return array('answer' => $answer->answer); } /** * Get an answer that contains the feedback and fraction that should be * awarded for this resonse. * @param array $response a response. * @return question_answer the matching answer. */ public function get_matching_answer(array $response) { return $this->gradingstrategy->grade($response); } /** * @return question_answer an answer that contains the a response that would * get full marks. */ public function get_correct_answer() { return $this->gradingstrategy->get_correct_answer(); } public function grade_response(array $response) { $answer = $this->get_matching_answer($response); if ($answer) { return array($answer->fraction, question_state::graded_state_for_fraction($answer->fraction)); } else { return array(0, question_state::$gradedwrong); } } public function classify_response(array $response) { if (empty($response['answer'])) { return array($this->id => question_classified_response::no_response()); } $ans = $this->get_matching_answer($response); if (!$ans) { return array($this->id => new question_classified_response( 0, $response['answer'], 0)); } return array($this->id => new question_classified_response( $ans->id, $response['answer'], $ans->fraction)); } } /** * Class to represent a question answer, loaded from the question_answers table * in the database. * * @copyright 2009 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ class question_answer { /** @var integer the answer id. */ public $id; /** @var string the answer. */ public $answer; /** @var integer one of the FORMAT_... constans. */ public $answerformat = FORMAT_PLAIN; /** @var number the fraction this answer is worth. */ public $fraction; /** @var string the feedback for this answer. */ public $feedback; /** @var integer one of the FORMAT_... constans. */ public $feedbackformat; /** * Constructor. * @param int $id the answer. * @param string $answer the answer. * @param int $answerformat the format of the answer. * @param number $fraction the fraction this answer is worth. * @param string $feedback the feedback for this answer. * @param int $feedbackformat the format of the feedback. */ public function __construct($id, $answer, $fraction, $feedback, $feedbackformat) { $this->id = $id; $this->answer = $answer; $this->fraction = $fraction; $this->feedback = $feedback; $this->feedbackformat = $feedbackformat; } } /** * Class to represent a hint associated with a question. * Used by iteractive mode, etc. A question has an array of these. * * @copyright 2010 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ class question_hint { /** @var integer The hint id. */ public $id; /** @var string The feedback hint to be shown. */ public $hint; /** @var integer The corresponding text FORMAT_... type. */ public $hintformat; /** * Constructor. * @param int the hint id from the database. * @param string $hint The hint text * @param int the corresponding text FORMAT_... type. */ public function __construct($id, $hint, $hintformat) { $this->id = $id; $this->hint = $hint; $this->hintformat = $hintformat; } /** * Create a basic hint from a row loaded from the question_hints table in the database. * @param object $row with $row->hint set. * @return question_hint */ public static function load_from_record($row) { return new question_hint($row->id, $row->hint, $row->hintformat); } /** * Adjust this display options according to the hint settings. * @param question_display_options $options */ public function adjust_display_options(question_display_options $options) { // Do nothing. } } /** * An extension of {@link question_hint} for questions like match and multiple * choice with multile answers, where there are options for whether to show the * number of parts right at each stage, and to reset the wrong parts. * * @copyright 2010 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ class question_hint_with_parts extends question_hint { /** @var boolean option to show the number of sub-parts of the question that were right. */ public $shownumcorrect; /** @var boolean option to clear the parts of the question that were wrong on retry. */ public $clearwrong; /** * Constructor. * @param int the hint id from the database. * @param string $hint The hint text * @param int the corresponding text FORMAT_... type. * @param bool $shownumcorrect whether the number of right parts should be shown * @param bool $clearwrong whether the wrong parts should be reset. */ public function __construct($id, $hint, $hintformat, $shownumcorrect, $clearwrong) { parent::__construct($id, $hint, $hintformat); $this->shownumcorrect = $shownumcorrect; $this->clearwrong = $clearwrong; } /** * Create a basic hint from a row loaded from the question_hints table in the database. * @param object $row with $row->hint, ->shownumcorrect and ->clearwrong set. * @return question_hint_with_parts */ public static function load_from_record($row) { return new question_hint_with_parts($row->id, $row->hint, $row->hintformat, $row->shownumcorrect, $row->clearwrong); } public function adjust_display_options(question_display_options $options) { parent::adjust_display_options($options); if ($this->clearwrong) { $options->clearwrong = true; } $options->numpartscorrect = $this->shownumcorrect; } } /** * This question_grading_strategy interface. Used to share grading code between * questions that that subclass {@link question_graded_by_strategy}. * * @copyright 2009 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ interface question_grading_strategy { /** * Return a question answer that describes the outcome (fraction and feeback) * for a particular respons. * @param array $response the response. * @return question_answer the answer describing the outcome. */ public function grade(array $response); /** * @return question_answer an answer that contains the a response that would * get full marks. */ public function get_correct_answer(); } /** * This interface defines the methods that a {@link question_definition} must * implement if it is to be graded by the * {@link question_first_matching_answer_grading_strategy}. * * @copyright 2009 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ interface question_response_answer_comparer { /** @return array of {@link question_answers}. */ public function get_answers(); /** * @param array $response the response. * @param question_answer $answer an answer. * @return bool whether the response matches the answer. */ public function compare_response_with_answer(array $response, question_answer $answer); } /** * This grading strategy is used by question types like shortanswer an numerical. * It gets a list of possible answers from the question, and returns the first one * that matches the given response. It returns the first answer with fraction 1.0 * when asked for the correct answer. * * @copyright 2009 The Open University * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later */ class question_first_matching_answer_grading_strategy implements question_grading_strategy { /** * @var question_response_answer_comparer (presumably also a * {@link question_definition}) the question we are doing the grading for. */ protected $question; /** * @param question_response_answer_comparer $question (presumably also a * {@link question_definition}) the question we are doing the grading for. */ public function __construct(question_response_answer_comparer $question) { $this->question = $question; } public function grade(array $response) { foreach ($this->question->get_answers() as $aid => $answer) { if ($this->question->compare_response_with_answer($response, $answer)) { $answer->id = $aid; return $answer; } } return null; } public function get_correct_answer() { foreach ($this->question->get_answers() as $answer) { $state = question_state::graded_state_for_fraction($answer->fraction); if ($state == question_state::$gradedright) { return $answer; } } return null; } }