<?php
/***************************************************************
 *  Copyright notice
 *
 *  (c) 2003-2011 Kasper Skårhøj (kasperYYYY@typo3.com)
 *  All rights reserved
 *
 *  This script is part of the Typo3 project. The Typo3 project is
 *  free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 *  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 *  (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *  The GNU General Public License can be found at
 *  http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html.
 *
 *  This script is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *  GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *  This copyright notice MUST APPEAR in all copies of the script!
 ***************************************************************/
/**
 * Class for conversion between charsets.
 *
 * @author	Kasper Skårhøj <kasperYYYY@typo3.com>
 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
 */


/**
 * Notes on UTF-8
 *
 * Functions working on UTF-8 strings:
 *
 * - strchr/strstr
 * - strrchr
 * - substr_count
 * - implode/explode/join
 *
 * Functions nearly working on UTF-8 strings:
 *
 * - strlen: returns the length in BYTES, if you need the length in CHARACTERS use utf8_strlen
 * - trim/ltrim/rtrim: the second parameter 'charlist' won't work for characters not contained in 7-bit ASCII
 * - strpos/strrpos: they return the BYTE position, if you need the CHARACTER position use utf8_strpos/utf8_strrpos
 * - htmlentities: charset support for UTF-8 only since PHP 4.3.0
 * - preg_*: Support compiled into PHP by default nowadays, but could be unavailable, need to use modifier
 *
 * Functions NOT working on UTF-8 strings:
 *
 * - str*cmp
 * - stristr
 * - stripos
 * - substr
 * - strrev
 * - split/spliti
 * - ...
 *
 */
/**
 * Class for conversion between charsets
 *
 * @author	Kasper Skårhøj <kasperYYYY@typo3.com>
 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
 * @package TYPO3
 * @subpackage t3lib
 */
class t3lib_cs {

	/**
	 * @var t3lib_l10n_Locales
	 */
	protected $locales;

	var $noCharByteVal = 63; // ASCII Value for chars with no equivalent.

		// This is the array where parsed conversion tables are stored (cached)
	var $parsedCharsets = array();

		// An array where case folding data will be stored (cached)
	var $caseFolding = array();

		// An array where charset-to-ASCII mappings are stored (cached)
	var $toASCII = array();

		// This tells the converter which charsets has two bytes per char:
	var $twoByteSets = array(
		'ucs-2' => 1, // 2-byte Unicode
	);

		// This tells the converter which charsets has four bytes per char:
	var $fourByteSets = array(
		'ucs-4' => 1, // 4-byte Unicode
		'utf-32' => 1, // 4-byte Unicode (limited to the 21-bits of UTF-16)
	);

		// This tells the converter which charsets use a scheme like the Extended Unix Code:
	var $eucBasedSets = array(
		'gb2312' => 1, // Chinese, simplified.
		'big5' => 1, // Chinese, traditional.
		'euc-kr' => 1, // Korean
		'shift_jis' => 1, // Japanese - WARNING: Shift-JIS includes half-width katakana single-bytes characters above 0x80!
	);

		// see	http://developer.apple.com/documentation/macos8/TextIntlSvcs/TextEncodingConversionManager/TEC1.5/TEC.b0.html
		// http://czyborra.com/charsets/iso8859.html
	var $synonyms = array(
		'us' => 'ascii',
		'us-ascii' => 'ascii',
		'cp819' => 'iso-8859-1',
		'ibm819' => 'iso-8859-1',
		'iso-ir-100' => 'iso-8859-1',
		'iso-ir-101' => 'iso-8859-2',
		'iso-ir-109' => 'iso-8859-3',
		'iso-ir-110' => 'iso-8859-4',
		'iso-ir-144' => 'iso-8859-5',
		'iso-ir-127' => 'iso-8859-6',
		'iso-ir-126' => 'iso-8859-7',
		'iso-ir-138' => 'iso-8859-8',
		'iso-ir-148' => 'iso-8859-9',
		'iso-ir-157' => 'iso-8859-10',
		'iso-ir-179' => 'iso-8859-13',
		'iso-ir-199' => 'iso-8859-14',
		'iso-ir-203' => 'iso-8859-15',
		'csisolatin1' => 'iso-8859-1',
		'csisolatin2' => 'iso-8859-2',
		'csisolatin3' => 'iso-8859-3',
		'csisolatin5' => 'iso-8859-9',
		'csisolatin8' => 'iso-8859-14',
		'csisolatin9' => 'iso-8859-15',
		'csisolatingreek' => 'iso-8859-7',
		'iso-celtic' => 'iso-8859-14',
		'latin1' => 'iso-8859-1',
		'latin2' => 'iso-8859-2',
		'latin3' => 'iso-8859-3',
		'latin5' => 'iso-8859-9',
		'latin6' => 'iso-8859-10',
		'latin8' => 'iso-8859-14',
		'latin9' => 'iso-8859-15',
		'l1' => 'iso-8859-1',
		'l2' => 'iso-8859-2',
		'l3' => 'iso-8859-3',
		'l5' => 'iso-8859-9',
		'l6' => 'iso-8859-10',
		'l8' => 'iso-8859-14',
		'l9' => 'iso-8859-15',
		'cyrillic' => 'iso-8859-5',
		'arabic' => 'iso-8859-6',
		'tis-620' => 'iso-8859-11',
		'win874' => 'windows-874',
		'win1250' => 'windows-1250',
		'win1251' => 'windows-1251',
		'win1252' => 'windows-1252',
		'win1253' => 'windows-1253',
		'win1254' => 'windows-1254',
		'win1255' => 'windows-1255',
		'win1256' => 'windows-1256',
		'win1257' => 'windows-1257',
		'win1258' => 'windows-1258',
		'cp1250' => 'windows-1250',
		'cp1251' => 'windows-1251',
		'cp1252' => 'windows-1252',
		'ms-ee' => 'windows-1250',
		'ms-ansi' => 'windows-1252',
		'ms-greek' => 'windows-1253',
		'ms-turk' => 'windows-1254',
		'winbaltrim' => 'windows-1257',
		'koi-8ru' => 'koi-8r',
		'koi8r' => 'koi-8r',
		'cp878' => 'koi-8r',
		'mac' => 'macroman',
		'macintosh' => 'macroman',
		'euc-cn' => 'gb2312',
		'x-euc-cn' => 'gb2312',
		'euccn' => 'gb2312',
		'cp936' => 'gb2312',
		'big-5' => 'big5',
		'cp950' => 'big5',
		'eucjp' => 'euc-jp',
		'sjis' => 'shift_jis',
		'shift-jis' => 'shift_jis',
		'cp932' => 'shift_jis',
		'cp949' => 'euc-kr',
		'utf7' => 'utf-7',
		'utf8' => 'utf-8',
		'utf16' => 'utf-16',
		'utf32' => 'utf-32',
		'utf8' => 'utf-8',
		'ucs2' => 'ucs-2',
		'ucs4' => 'ucs-4',
	);

		// mapping of iso-639-1 language codes to script names
	var $lang_to_script = array(
			// iso-639-1 language codes, see http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
		'af' => 'west_european', //Afrikaans
		'ar' => 'arabic',
		'bg' => 'cyrillic', // Bulgarian
		'bs' => 'east_european', // Bosnian
		'cs' => 'east_european', // Czech
		'da' => 'west_european', // Danish
		'de' => 'west_european', // German
		'es' => 'west_european', // Spanish
		'et' => 'estonian',
		'eo' => 'unicode', // Esperanto
		'eu' => 'west_european', // Basque
		'fa' => 'arabic', // Persian
		'fi' => 'west_european', // Finish
		'fo' => 'west_european', // Faroese
		'fr' => 'west_european', // French
		'ga' => 'west_european', // Irish
		'gl' => 'west_european', // Galician
		'gr' => 'greek',
		'he' => 'hebrew', // Hebrew (since 1998)
		'hi' => 'unicode', // Hindi
		'hr' => 'east_european', // Croatian
		'hu' => 'east_european', // Hungarian
		'iw' => 'hebrew', // Hebrew (til 1998)
		'is' => 'west_european', // Icelandic
		'it' => 'west_european', // Italian
		'ja' => 'japanese',
		'ka' => 'unicode', // Georgian
		'kl' => 'west_european', // Greenlandic
		'km' => 'unicode', // Khmer
		'ko' => 'korean',
		'lt' => 'lithuanian',
		'lv' => 'west_european', // Latvian/Lettish
		'nl' => 'west_european', // Dutch
		'no' => 'west_european', // Norwegian
		'nb' => 'west_european', // Norwegian Bokmal
		'nn' => 'west_european', // Norwegian Nynorsk
		'pl' => 'east_european', // Polish
		'pt' => 'west_european', // Portuguese
		'ro' => 'east_european', // Romanian
		'ru' => 'cyrillic', // Russian
		'sk' => 'east_european', // Slovak
		'sl' => 'east_european', // Slovenian
		'sr' => 'cyrillic', // Serbian
		'sv' => 'west_european', // Swedish
		'sq' => 'albanian', // Albanian
		'th' => 'thai',
		'uk' => 'cyrillic', // Ukranian
		'vi' => 'vietnamese',
		'zh' => 'chinese',
			// MS language codes, see http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/vclib/html/_crt_language_strings.asp
			// http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/wceinternational5/html/wce50conLanguageIdentifiersandLocales.asp
		'afk'=> 'west_european', // Afrikaans
		'ara' => 'arabic',
		'bgr' => 'cyrillic', // Bulgarian
		'cat' => 'west_european', // Catalan
		'chs' => 'simpl_chinese',
		'cht' => 'trad_chinese',
		'csy' => 'east_european', // Czech
		'dan' => 'west_european', // Danisch
		'deu' => 'west_european', // German
		'dea' => 'west_european', // German (Austrian)
		'des' => 'west_european', // German (Swiss)
		'ena' => 'west_european', // English (Australian)
		'enc' => 'west_european', // English (Canadian)
		'eng' => 'west_european', // English
		'enz' => 'west_european', // English (New Zealand)
		'enu' => 'west_european', // English (United States)
		'euq' => 'west_european', // Basque
		'fos' => 'west_european', // Faroese
		'far' => 'arabic', // Persian
		'fin' => 'west_european', // Finish
		'fra' => 'west_european', // French
		'frb' => 'west_european', // French (Belgian)
		'frc' => 'west_european', // French (Canadian)
		'frs' => 'west_european', // French (Swiss)
		'geo' => 'unicode', // Georgian
		'glg' => 'west_european', // Galician
		'ell' => 'greek',
		'heb' => 'hebrew',
		'hin' => 'unicode', // Hindi
		'hun' => 'east_european', // Hungarian
		'isl' => 'west_euorpean', // Icelandic
		'ita' => 'west_european', // Italian
		'its' => 'west_european', // Italian (Swiss)
		'jpn' => 'japanese',
		'khm' => 'unicode', // Khmer
		'kor' => 'korean',
		'lth' => 'lithuanian',
		'lvi' => 'west_european', // Latvian/Lettish
		'msl' => 'west_european', // Malay
		'nlb' => 'west_european', // Dutch (Belgian)
		'nld' => 'west_european', // Dutch
		'nor' => 'west_european', // Norwegian (bokmal)
		'non' => 'west_european', // Norwegian (nynorsk)
		'plk' => 'east_european', // Polish
		'ptg' => 'west_european', // Portuguese
		'ptb' => 'west_european', // Portuguese (Brazil)
		'rom' => 'east_european', // Romanian
		'rus' => 'cyrillic', // Russian
		'slv' => 'east_european', // Slovenian
		'sky' => 'east_european', // Slovak
		'srl' => 'east_european', // Serbian (Latin)
		'srb' => 'cyrillic', // Serbian (Cyrillic)
		'esp' => 'west_european', // Spanish (trad. sort)
		'esm' => 'west_european', // Spanish (Mexican)
		'esn' => 'west_european', // Spanish (internat. sort)
		'sve' => 'west_european', // Swedish
		'sqi' => 'albanian', // Albanian
		'tha' => 'thai',
		'trk' => 'turkish',
		'ukr' => 'cyrillic', // Ukrainian
			// English language names
		'afrikaans' => 'west_european',
		'albanian' => 'albanian',
		'arabic' => 'arabic',
		'basque' => 'west_european',
		'bosnian' => 'east_european',
		'bulgarian' => 'east_european',
		'catalan' => 'west_european',
		'croatian' => 'east_european',
		'czech' => 'east_european',
		'danish' => 'west_european',
		'dutch' => 'west_european',
		'english' => 'west_european',
		'esperanto' => 'unicode',
		'estonian' => 'estonian',
		'faroese' => 'west_european',
		'farsi' => 'arabic',
		'finnish' => 'west_european',
		'french' => 'west_european',
		'galician' => 'west_european',
		'georgian' => 'unicode',
		'german' => 'west_european',
		'greek' => 'greek',
		'greenlandic' => 'west_european',
		'hebrew' => 'hebrew',
		'hindi' => 'unicode',
		'hungarian' => 'east_european',
		'icelandic' => 'west_european',
		'italian' => 'west_european',
		'khmer' => 'unicode',
		'latvian' => 'west_european',
		'lettish' => 'west_european',
		'lithuanian' => 'lithuanian',
		'malay' => 'west_european',
		'norwegian' => 'west_european',
		'persian' => 'arabic',
		'polish' => 'east_european',
		'portuguese' => 'west_european',
		'russian' => 'cyrillic',
		'romanian' => 'east_european',
		'serbian' => 'cyrillic',
		'slovak' => 'east_european',
		'slovenian' => 'east_european',
		'spanish' => 'west_european',
		'svedish' => 'west_european',
		'that' => 'thai',
		'turkish' => 'turkish',
		'ukrainian' => 'cyrillic',
	);

		// mapping of language (family) names to charsets on Unix
	var $script_to_charset_unix = array(
		'west_european' => 'iso-8859-1',
		'estonian' => 'iso-8859-1',
		'east_european' => 'iso-8859-2',
		'baltic' => 'iso-8859-4',
		'cyrillic' => 'iso-8859-5',
		'arabic' => 'iso-8859-6',
		'greek' => 'iso-8859-7',
		'hebrew' => 'iso-8859-8',
		'turkish' => 'iso-8859-9',
		'thai' => 'iso-8859-11', // = TIS-620
		'lithuanian' => 'iso-8859-13',
		'chinese' => 'gb2312', // = euc-cn
		'japanese' => 'euc-jp',
		'korean' => 'euc-kr',
		'simpl_chinese' => 'gb2312',
		'trad_chinese' => 'big5',
		'vietnamese' => '',
		'unicode' => 'utf-8',
		'albanian' => 'utf-8'
	);

		// mapping of language (family) names to charsets on Windows
	var $script_to_charset_windows = array(
		'east_european' => 'windows-1250',
		'cyrillic' => 'windows-1251',
		'west_european' => 'windows-1252',
		'greek' => 'windows-1253',
		'turkish' => 'windows-1254',
		'hebrew' => 'windows-1255',
		'arabic' => 'windows-1256',
		'baltic' => 'windows-1257',
		'estonian' => 'windows-1257',
		'lithuanian' => 'windows-1257',
		'vietnamese' => 'windows-1258',
		'thai' => 'cp874',
		'korean' => 'cp949',
		'chinese' => 'gb2312',
		'japanese' => 'shift_jis',
		'simpl_chinese' => 'gb2312',
		'trad_chinese' => 'big5',
		'albanian' => 'windows-1250',
		'unicode' => 'utf-8'
	);

		// mapping of locale names to charsets
	var $locale_to_charset = array(
		'japanese.euc' => 'euc-jp',
		'ja_jp.ujis' => 'euc-jp',
		'korean.euc' => 'euc-kr',
		'sr@Latn' => 'iso-8859-2',
		'zh_cn' => 'gb2312',
		'zh_hk' => 'big5',
		'zh_tw' => 'big5',
	);

		// TYPO3 specific: Array with the system charsets used for each system language in TYPO3:
		// Empty values means "iso-8859-1"
	var $charSetArray = array(
		'af' => '',
		'ar' => 'iso-8859-6',
		'ba' => 'iso-8859-2',
		'bg' => 'windows-1251',
		'br' => '',
		'ca' => 'iso-8859-15',
		'ch' => 'gb2312',
		'cs' => 'windows-1250',
		'cz' => 'windows-1250',
		'da' => '',
		'de' => '',
		'dk' => '',
		'el' => 'iso-8859-7',
		'eo' => 'utf-8',
		'es' => '',
		'et' => 'iso-8859-4',
		'eu' => '',
		'fa' => 'utf-8',
		'fi' => '',
		'fo' => 'utf-8',
		'fr' => '',
		'fr_CA' => '',
		'ga' => '',
		'ge' => 'utf-8',
		'gl' => '',
		'gr' => 'iso-8859-7',
		'he' => 'utf-8',
		'hi' => 'utf-8',
		'hk' => 'big5',
		'hr' => 'windows-1250',
		'hu' => 'iso-8859-2',
		'is' => 'utf-8',
		'it' => '',
		'ja' => 'shift_jis',
		'jp' => 'shift_jis',
		'ka' => 'utf-8',
		'kl' => 'utf-8',
		'km' => 'utf-8',
		'ko' => 'euc-kr',
		'kr' => 'euc-kr',
		'lt' => 'windows-1257',
		'lv' => 'utf-8',
		'ms' => '',
		'my' => '',
		'nl' => '',
		'no' => '',
		'pl' => 'iso-8859-2',
		'pt' => '',
		'pt_BR' => '',
		'qc' => '',
		'ro' => 'iso-8859-2',
		'ru' => 'windows-1251',
		'se' => '',
		'si' => 'windows-1250',
		'sk' => 'windows-1250',
		'sl' => 'windows-1250',
		'sq' => 'utf-8',
		'sr' => 'utf-8',
		'sv' => '',
		'th' => 'iso-8859-11',
		'tr' => 'iso-8859-9',
		'ua' => 'windows-1251',
		'uk' => 'windows-1251',
		'vi' => 'utf-8',
		'vn' => 'utf-8',
		'zh' => 'big5',
	);

		// TYPO3 specific: Array with the iso names used for each system language in TYPO3:
		// Missing keys means: same as TYPO3
		// @deprecated since TYPO3 4.6, will be removed in TYPO3 6.0 - use t3lib_l10n_Locales::getIsoMapping()
	var $isoArray = array(
		'ba' => 'bs',
		'br' => 'pt_BR',
		'ch' => 'zh_CN',
		'cz' => 'cs',
		'dk' => 'da',
		'si' => 'sl',
		'se' => 'sv',
		'gl' => 'kl',
		'gr' => 'el',
		'hk' => 'zh_HK',
		'kr' => 'ko',
		'ua' => 'uk',
		'jp' => 'ja',
		'qc' => 'fr_CA',
		'vn' => 'vi',
		'ge' => 'ka',
		'ga' => 'gl',
	);

	/**
	 * Default constructor.
	 */
	public function __construct() {
		$this->locales = t3lib_div::makeInstance('t3lib_l10n_Locales');
	}

	/**
	 * Normalize - changes input character set to lowercase letters.
	 *
	 * @param	string		Input charset
	 * @return	string		Normalized charset
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function parse_charset($charset) {
		$charset = trim(strtolower($charset));
		if (isset($this->synonyms[$charset])) {
			$charset = $this->synonyms[$charset];
		}

		return $charset;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the charset of a locale.
	 *
	 * ln			language
	 * ln_CN		 language / country
	 * ln_CN.cs	  language / country / charset
	 * ln_CN.cs@mod  language / country / charset / modifier
	 *
	 * @param	string		Locale string
	 * @return	string		Charset resolved for locale string
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function get_locale_charset($locale) {
		$locale = strtolower($locale);

			// exact locale specific charset?
		if (isset($this->locale_to_charset[$locale])) {
			return $this->locale_to_charset[$locale];
		}

			// get modifier
		list($locale, $modifier) = explode('@', $locale);

			// locale contains charset: use it
		list($locale, $charset) = explode('.', $locale);
		if ($charset) {
			return $this->parse_charset($charset);
		}

			// modifier is 'euro' (after charset check, because of xx.utf-8@euro)
		if ($modifier == 'euro') {
			return 'iso-8859-15';
		}

			// get language
		list($language, $country) = explode('_', $locale);
		if (isset($this->lang_to_script[$language])) {
			$script = $this->lang_to_script[$language];
		}

		if (TYPO3_OS == 'WIN') {
			$cs = $this->script_to_charset_windows[$script] ? $this->script_to_charset_windows[$script] : 'windows-1252';
		} else {
			$cs = $this->script_to_charset_unix[$script] ? $this->script_to_charset_unix[$script] : 'utf-8';
		}

		return $cs;
	}


	/********************************************
	 *
	 * Charset Conversion functions
	 *
	 ********************************************/

	/**
	 * Convert from one charset to another charset.
	 *
	 * @param	string		Input string
	 * @param	string		From charset (the current charset of the string)
	 * @param	string		To charset (the output charset wanted)
	 * @param	boolean		If set, then characters that are not available in the destination character set will be encoded as numeric entities
	 * @return	string		Converted string
	 * @see convArray()
	 */
	function conv($str, $fromCS, $toCS, $useEntityForNoChar = 0) {
		if ($fromCS == $toCS) {
			return $str;
		}

			// PHP-libs don't support fallback to SGML entities, but UTF-8 handles everything
		if ($toCS == 'utf-8' || !$useEntityForNoChar) {
			switch ($GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['t3lib_cs_convMethod']) {
				case 'mbstring':
					$conv_str = mb_convert_encoding($str, $toCS, $fromCS);
					if (FALSE !== $conv_str) {
						return $conv_str;
					} // returns FALSE for unsupported charsets
					break;

				case 'iconv':
					$conv_str = iconv($fromCS, $toCS . '//TRANSLIT', $str);
					if (FALSE !== $conv_str) {
						return $conv_str;
					}
					break;

				case 'recode':
					$conv_str = recode_string($fromCS . '..' . $toCS, $str);
					if (FALSE !== $conv_str) {
						return $conv_str;
					}
					break;
			}
			// fallback to TYPO3 conversion
		}

		if ($fromCS != 'utf-8') {
			$str = $this->utf8_encode($str, $fromCS);
		}
		if ($toCS != 'utf-8') {
			$str = $this->utf8_decode($str, $toCS, $useEntityForNoChar);
		}
		return $str;
	}

	/**
	 * Convert all elements in ARRAY with type string from one charset to another charset.
	 * NOTICE: Array is passed by reference!
	 *
	 * @param	string		Input array, possibly multidimensional
	 * @param	string		From charset (the current charset of the string)
	 * @param	string		To charset (the output charset wanted)
	 * @param	boolean		If set, then characters that are not available in the destination character set will be encoded as numeric entities
	 * @return	void
	 * @see conv()
	 */
	function convArray(&$array, $fromCS, $toCS, $useEntityForNoChar = 0) {
		foreach ($array as $key => $value) {
			if (is_array($array[$key])) {
				$this->convArray($array[$key], $fromCS, $toCS, $useEntityForNoChar);
			} elseif (is_string($array[$key])) {
				$array[$key] = $this->conv($array[$key], $fromCS, $toCS, $useEntityForNoChar);
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Converts $str from $charset to UTF-8
	 *
	 * @param	string		String in local charset to convert to UTF-8
	 * @param	string		Charset, lowercase. Must be found in csconvtbl/ folder.
	 * @return	string		Output string, converted to UTF-8
	 */
	function utf8_encode($str, $charset) {

		if ($charset === 'utf-8') {
			return $str;
		}

			// Charset is case-insensitive.
		if ($this->initCharset($charset)) { // Parse conv. table if not already...
			$strLen = strlen($str);
			$outStr = '';

			for ($a = 0; $a < $strLen; $a++) { // Traverse each char in string.
				$chr = substr($str, $a, 1);
				$ord = ord($chr);
				if (isset($this->twoByteSets[$charset])) { // If the charset has two bytes per char
					$ord2 = ord($str{$a + 1});
					$ord = $ord << 8 | $ord2; // assume big endian

					if (isset($this->parsedCharsets[$charset]['local'][$ord])) { // If the local char-number was found in parsed conv. table then we use that, otherwise 127 (no char?)
						$outStr .= $this->parsedCharsets[$charset]['local'][$ord];
					} else {
						$outStr .= chr($this->noCharByteVal);
					} // No char exists
					$a++;
				} elseif ($ord > 127) { // If char has value over 127 it's a multibyte char in UTF-8
					if (isset($this->eucBasedSets[$charset])) { // EUC uses two-bytes above 127; we get both and advance pointer and make $ord a 16bit int.
						if ($charset != 'shift_jis' || ($ord < 0xA0 || $ord > 0xDF)) { // Shift-JIS: chars between 160 and 223 are single byte
							$a++;
							$ord2 = ord(substr($str, $a, 1));
							$ord = $ord * 256 + $ord2;
						}
					}

					if (isset($this->parsedCharsets[$charset]['local'][$ord])) { // If the local char-number was found in parsed conv. table then we use that, otherwise 127 (no char?)
						$outStr .= $this->parsedCharsets[$charset]['local'][$ord];
					} else {
						$outStr .= chr($this->noCharByteVal);
					} // No char exists
				} else {
					$outStr .= $chr;
				} // ... otherwise it's just ASCII 0-127 and one byte. Transparent
			}
			return $outStr;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Converts $str from UTF-8 to $charset
	 *
	 * @param	string		String in UTF-8 to convert to local charset
	 * @param	string		Charset, lowercase. Must be found in csconvtbl/ folder.
	 * @param	boolean		If set, then characters that are not available in the destination character set will be encoded as numeric entities
	 * @return	string		Output string, converted to local charset
	 */
	function utf8_decode($str, $charset, $useEntityForNoChar = 0) {

		if ($charset === 'utf-8') {
			return $str;
		}

			// Charset is case-insensitive.
		if ($this->initCharset($charset)) { // Parse conv. table if not already...
			$strLen = strlen($str);
			$outStr = '';
			$buf = '';
			for ($a = 0, $i = 0; $a < $strLen; $a++, $i++) { // Traverse each char in UTF-8 string.
				$chr = substr($str, $a, 1);
				$ord = ord($chr);
				if ($ord > 127) { // This means multibyte! (first byte!)
					if ($ord & 64) { // Since the first byte must have the 7th bit set we check that. Otherwise we might be in the middle of a byte sequence.

						$buf = $chr; // Add first byte
						for ($b = 0; $b < 8; $b++) { // for each byte in multibyte string...
							$ord = $ord << 1; // Shift it left and ...
							if ($ord & 128) { // ... and with 8th bit - if that is set, then there are still bytes in sequence.
								$a++; // Increase pointer...
								$buf .= substr($str, $a, 1); // ... and add the next char.
							} else {
								break;
							}
						}

						if (isset($this->parsedCharsets[$charset]['utf8'][$buf])) { // If the UTF-8 char-sequence is found then...
							$mByte = $this->parsedCharsets[$charset]['utf8'][$buf]; // The local number
							if ($mByte > 255) { // If the local number is greater than 255 we will need to split the byte (16bit word assumed) in two chars.
								$outStr .= chr(($mByte >> 8) & 255) . chr($mByte & 255);
							} else {
								$outStr .= chr($mByte);
							}
						} elseif ($useEntityForNoChar) { // Create num entity:
							$outStr .= '&#' . $this->utf8CharToUnumber($buf, 1) . ';';
						} else {
							$outStr .= chr($this->noCharByteVal);
						} // No char exists
					} else {
						$outStr .= chr($this->noCharByteVal);
					} // No char exists (MIDDLE of MB sequence!)
				} else {
					$outStr .= $chr;
				} // ... otherwise it's just ASCII 0-127 and one byte. Transparent
			}
			return $outStr;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Converts all chars > 127 to numeric entities.
	 *
	 * @param	string		Input string
	 * @return	string		Output string
	 */
	function utf8_to_entities($str) {
		$strLen = strlen($str);
		$outStr = '';
		$buf = '';
		for ($a = 0; $a < $strLen; $a++) { // Traverse each char in UTF-8 string.
			$chr = substr($str, $a, 1);
			$ord = ord($chr);
			if ($ord > 127) { // This means multibyte! (first byte!)
				if ($ord & 64) { // Since the first byte must have the 7th bit set we check that. Otherwise we might be in the middle of a byte sequence.
					$buf = $chr; // Add first byte
					for ($b = 0; $b < 8; $b++) { // for each byte in multibyte string...
						$ord = $ord << 1; // Shift it left and ...
						if ($ord & 128) { // ... and with 8th bit - if that is set, then there are still bytes in sequence.
							$a++; // Increase pointer...
							$buf .= substr($str, $a, 1); // ... and add the next char.
						} else {
							break;
						}
					}

					$outStr .= '&#' . $this->utf8CharToUnumber($buf, 1) . ';';
				} else {
					$outStr .= chr($this->noCharByteVal);
				} // No char exists (MIDDLE of MB sequence!)
			} else {
				$outStr .= $chr;
			} // ... otherwise it's just ASCII 0-127 and one byte. Transparent
		}

		return $outStr;
	}

	/**
	 * Converts numeric entities (UNICODE, eg. decimal (&#1234;) or hexadecimal (&#x1b;)) to UTF-8 multibyte chars
	 *
	 * @param	string		Input string, UTF-8
	 * @param	boolean		If set, then all string-HTML entities (like &amp; or &pound; will be converted as well)
	 * @return	string		Output string
	 */
	function entities_to_utf8($str, $alsoStdHtmlEnt = FALSE) {
		// Workaround for #39287: 3rd parameter for get_html_translation_table() was only added in PHP 5.3.4 and later
		// see http://php.net/manual/en/function.get-html-translation-table.php
		$applyPhpCompatibilityFix = version_compare(phpversion(), '5.3.4', '<');

		if ($alsoStdHtmlEnt) {
			if ($applyPhpCompatibilityFix === TRUE) {
				$trans_tbl = array_flip(get_html_translation_table(HTML_ENTITIES, ENT_COMPAT));
			} else {
				$trans_tbl = array_flip(get_html_translation_table(HTML_ENTITIES, ENT_COMPAT, 'UTF-8'));
			}
		}

		$token = md5(microtime());
		$parts = explode($token, preg_replace('/(&([#[:alnum:]]*);)/', $token . '${2}' . $token, $str));
		foreach ($parts as $k => $v) {
				// only take every second element
			if ($k % 2 === 0) {
				continue;
			}

			$position = 0;
			if (substr($v, $position, 1) == '#') { // Dec or hex entities:
				$position++;
				if (substr($v, $position, 1) == 'x') {
					$v = hexdec(substr($v, ++$position));
				} else {
					$v = substr($v, $position);
				}
				$parts[$k] = $this->UnumberToChar($v);
			} elseif ($alsoStdHtmlEnt && isset($trans_tbl['&' . $v . ';'])) { // Other entities:
				$v = $trans_tbl['&' . $v . ';'];
				if ($applyPhpCompatibilityFix === TRUE) {
					$v = $this->utf8_encode($v, 'iso-8859-1');
				}
				$parts[$k] = $v;
			} else { // No conversion:
				$parts[$k] = '&' . $v . ';';
			}
		}

		return implode('', $parts);
	}

	/**
	 * Converts all chars in the input UTF-8 string into integer numbers returned in an array
	 *
	 * @param	string		Input string, UTF-8
	 * @param	boolean		If set, then all HTML entities (like &amp; or &pound; or &#123; or &#x3f5d;) will be detected as characters.
	 * @param	boolean		If set, then instead of integer numbers the real UTF-8 char is returned.
	 * @return	array		Output array with the char numbers
	 */
	function utf8_to_numberarray($str, $convEntities = 0, $retChar = 0) {
			// If entities must be registered as well...:
		if ($convEntities) {
			$str = $this->entities_to_utf8($str, 1);
		}
			// Do conversion:
		$strLen = strlen($str);
		$outArr = array();
		$buf = '';
		for ($a = 0; $a < $strLen; $a++) { // Traverse each char in UTF-8 string.
			$chr = substr($str, $a, 1);
			$ord = ord($chr);
			if ($ord > 127) { // This means multibyte! (first byte!)
				if ($ord & 64) { // Since the first byte must have the 7th bit set we check that. Otherwise we might be in the middle of a byte sequence.
					$buf = $chr; // Add first byte
					for ($b = 0; $b < 8; $b++) { // for each byte in multibyte string...
						$ord = $ord << 1; // Shift it left and ...
						if ($ord & 128) { // ... and with 8th bit - if that is set, then there are still bytes in sequence.
							$a++; // Increase pointer...
							$buf .= substr($str, $a, 1); // ... and add the next char.
						} else {
							break;
						}
					}

					$outArr[] = $retChar ? $buf : $this->utf8CharToUnumber($buf);
				} else {
					$outArr[] = $retChar ? chr($this->noCharByteVal) : $this->noCharByteVal;
				} // No char exists (MIDDLE of MB sequence!)
			} else {
				$outArr[] = $retChar ? chr($ord) : $ord;
			} // ... otherwise it's just ASCII 0-127 and one byte. Transparent
		}

		return $outArr;
	}

	/**
	 * Converts a UNICODE number to a UTF-8 multibyte character
	 * Algorithm based on script found at From: http://czyborra.com/utf/
	 * Unit-tested by Kasper
	 *
	 * The binary representation of the character's integer value is thus simply spread across the bytes and the number of high bits set in the lead byte announces the number of bytes in the multibyte sequence:
	 *
	 *  bytes | bits | representation
	 *	  1 |	7 | 0vvvvvvv
	 *	  2 |   11 | 110vvvvv 10vvvvvv
	 *	  3 |   16 | 1110vvvv 10vvvvvv 10vvvvvv
	 *	  4 |   21 | 11110vvv 10vvvvvv 10vvvvvv 10vvvvvv
	 *	  5 |   26 | 111110vv 10vvvvvv 10vvvvvv 10vvvvvv 10vvvvvv
	 *	  6 |   31 | 1111110v 10vvvvvv 10vvvvvv 10vvvvvv 10vvvvvv 10vvvvvv
	 *
	 * @param	integer		UNICODE integer
	 * @return	string		UTF-8 multibyte character string
	 * @see utf8CharToUnumber()
	 */
	function UnumberToChar($cbyte) {
		$str = '';

		if ($cbyte < 0x80) {
			$str .= chr($cbyte);
		} else {
			if ($cbyte < 0x800) {
				$str .= chr(0xC0 | ($cbyte >> 6));
				$str .= chr(0x80 | ($cbyte & 0x3F));
			} else {
				if ($cbyte < 0x10000) {
					$str .= chr(0xE0 | ($cbyte >> 12));
					$str .= chr(0x80 | (($cbyte >> 6) & 0x3F));
					$str .= chr(0x80 | ($cbyte & 0x3F));
				} else {
					if ($cbyte < 0x200000) {
						$str .= chr(0xF0 | ($cbyte >> 18));
						$str .= chr(0x80 | (($cbyte >> 12) & 0x3F));
						$str .= chr(0x80 | (($cbyte >> 6) & 0x3F));
						$str .= chr(0x80 | ($cbyte & 0x3F));
					} else {
						if ($cbyte < 0x4000000) {
							$str .= chr(0xF8 | ($cbyte >> 24));
							$str .= chr(0x80 | (($cbyte >> 18) & 0x3F));
							$str .= chr(0x80 | (($cbyte >> 12) & 0x3F));
							$str .= chr(0x80 | (($cbyte >> 6) & 0x3F));
							$str .= chr(0x80 | ($cbyte & 0x3F));
						} else {
							if ($cbyte < 0x80000000) {
								$str .= chr(0xFC | ($cbyte >> 30));
								$str .= chr(0x80 | (($cbyte >> 24) & 0x3F));
								$str .= chr(0x80 | (($cbyte >> 18) & 0x3F));
								$str .= chr(0x80 | (($cbyte >> 12) & 0x3F));
								$str .= chr(0x80 | (($cbyte >> 6) & 0x3F));
								$str .= chr(0x80 | ($cbyte & 0x3F));
							} else { // Cannot express a 32-bit character in UTF-8
								$str .= chr($this->noCharByteVal);
							}
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}
		return $str;
	}

	/**
	 * Converts a UTF-8 Multibyte character to a UNICODE number
	 * Unit-tested by Kasper
	 *
	 * @param	string		UTF-8 multibyte character string
	 * @param	boolean		If set, then a hex. number is returned.
	 * @return	integer		UNICODE integer
	 * @see UnumberToChar()
	 */
	function utf8CharToUnumber($str, $hex = 0) {
		$ord = ord(substr($str, 0, 1)); // First char

		if (($ord & 192) == 192) { // This verifyes that it IS a multi byte string
			$binBuf = '';
			for ($b = 0; $b < 8; $b++) { // for each byte in multibyte string...
				$ord = $ord << 1; // Shift it left and ...
				if ($ord & 128) { // ... and with 8th bit - if that is set, then there are still bytes in sequence.
					$binBuf .= substr('00000000' . decbin(ord(substr($str, $b + 1, 1))), -6);
				} else {
					break;
				}
			}
			$binBuf = substr('00000000' . decbin(ord(substr($str, 0, 1))), -(6 - $b)) . $binBuf;

			$int = bindec($binBuf);
		} else {
			$int = $ord;
		}

		return $hex ? 'x' . dechex($int) : $int;
	}


	/********************************************
	 *
	 * Init functions
	 *
	 ********************************************/

	/**
	 * This will initialize a charset for use if it's defined in the PATH_t3lib.'csconvtbl/' folder
	 * This function is automatically called by the conversion functions
	 *
	 * PLEASE SEE: http://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/
	 *
	 * @param	string		The charset to be initialized. Use lowercase charset always (the charset must match exactly with a filename in csconvtbl/ folder ([charset].tbl)
	 * @return	integer		Returns '1' if already loaded. Returns FALSE if charset conversion table was not found. Returns '2' if the charset conversion table was found and parsed.
	 * @access private
	 */
	function initCharset($charset) {
			// Only process if the charset is not yet loaded:
		if (!is_array($this->parsedCharsets[$charset])) {

				// Conversion table filename:
			$charsetConvTableFile = PATH_t3lib . 'csconvtbl/' . $charset . '.tbl';

				// If the conversion table is found:
			if ($charset && t3lib_div::validPathStr($charsetConvTableFile) && @is_file($charsetConvTableFile)) {
					// Cache file for charsets:
					// Caching brought parsing time for gb2312 down from 2400 ms to 150 ms. For other charsets we are talking 11 ms down to zero.
				$cacheFile = t3lib_div::getFileAbsFileName('typo3temp/cs/charset_' . $charset . '.tbl');
				if ($cacheFile && @is_file($cacheFile)) {
					$this->parsedCharsets[$charset] = unserialize(t3lib_div::getUrl($cacheFile));
				} else {
						// Parse conversion table into lines:
					$lines = t3lib_div::trimExplode(LF, t3lib_div::getUrl($charsetConvTableFile), 1);
						// Initialize the internal variable holding the conv. table:
					$this->parsedCharsets[$charset] = array('local' => array(), 'utf8' => array());
						// traverse the lines:
					$detectedType = '';
					foreach ($lines as $value) {
						if (trim($value) && substr($value, 0, 1) != '#') { // Comment line or blanks are ignored.

								// Detect type if not done yet: (Done on first real line)
								// The "whitespaced" type is on the syntax 	"0x0A	0x000A	#LINE FEED" 	while 	"ms-token" is like 		"B9 = U+00B9 : SUPERSCRIPT ONE"
							if (!$detectedType) {
								$detectedType = preg_match('/[[:space:]]*0x([[:alnum:]]*)[[:space:]]+0x([[:alnum:]]*)[[:space:]]+/', $value) ? 'whitespaced' : 'ms-token';
							}

							if ($detectedType == 'ms-token') {
								list($hexbyte, $utf8) = preg_split('/[=:]/', $value, 3);
							} elseif ($detectedType == 'whitespaced') {
								$regA = array();
								preg_match('/[[:space:]]*0x([[:alnum:]]*)[[:space:]]+0x([[:alnum:]]*)[[:space:]]+/', $value, $regA);
								$hexbyte = $regA[1];
								$utf8 = 'U+' . $regA[2];
							}
							$decval = hexdec(trim($hexbyte));
							if ($decval > 127) {
								$utf8decval = hexdec(substr(trim($utf8), 2));
								$this->parsedCharsets[$charset]['local'][$decval] = $this->UnumberToChar($utf8decval);
								$this->parsedCharsets[$charset]['utf8'][$this->parsedCharsets[$charset]['local'][$decval]] = $decval;
							}
						}
					}
					if ($cacheFile) {
						t3lib_div::writeFileToTypo3tempDir($cacheFile, serialize($this->parsedCharsets[$charset]));
					}
				}
				return 2;
			} else {
				return FALSE;
			}
		} else {
			return 1;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * This function initializes all UTF-8 character data tables.
	 *
	 * PLEASE SEE: http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/
	 *
	 * @param	string		Mode ("case", "ascii", ...)
	 * @return	integer		Returns FALSE on error, a TRUE value on success: 1 table already loaded, 2, cached version, 3 table parsed (and cached).
	 * @access private
	 */
	function initUnicodeData($mode = NULL) {
			// cache files
		$cacheFileCase = t3lib_div::getFileAbsFileName('typo3temp/cs/cscase_utf-8.tbl');
		$cacheFileASCII = t3lib_div::getFileAbsFileName('typo3temp/cs/csascii_utf-8.tbl');

			// Only process if the tables are not yet loaded
		switch ($mode) {
			case 'case':
				if (is_array($this->caseFolding['utf-8'])) {
					return 1;
				}

					// Use cached version if possible
				if ($cacheFileCase && @is_file($cacheFileCase)) {
					$this->caseFolding['utf-8'] = unserialize(t3lib_div::getUrl($cacheFileCase));
					return 2;
				}
				break;

			case 'ascii':
				if (is_array($this->toASCII['utf-8'])) {
					return 1;
				}

					// Use cached version if possible
				if ($cacheFileASCII && @is_file($cacheFileASCII)) {
					$this->toASCII['utf-8'] = unserialize(t3lib_div::getUrl($cacheFileASCII));
					return 2;
				}
				break;
		}

			// process main Unicode data file
		$unicodeDataFile = PATH_t3lib . 'unidata/UnicodeData.txt';
		if (!(t3lib_div::validPathStr($unicodeDataFile) && @is_file($unicodeDataFile))) {
			return FALSE;
		}

		$fh = fopen($unicodeDataFile, 'rb');
		if (!$fh) {
			return FALSE;
		}

			// key = utf8 char (single codepoint), value = utf8 string (codepoint sequence)
			// note: we use the UTF-8 characters here and not the Unicode numbers to avoid conversion roundtrip in utf8_strtolower/-upper)
		$this->caseFolding['utf-8'] = array();
		$utf8CaseFolding =& $this->caseFolding['utf-8']; // a shorthand
		$utf8CaseFolding['toUpper'] = array();
		$utf8CaseFolding['toLower'] = array();
		$utf8CaseFolding['toTitle'] = array();

		$decomposition = array(); // array of temp. decompositions
		$mark = array(); // array of chars that are marks (eg. composing accents)
		$number = array(); // array of chars that are numbers (eg. digits)
		$omit = array(); // array of chars to be omitted (eg. Russian hard sign)

		while (!feof($fh)) {
			$line = fgets($fh, 4096);
				// has a lot of info
			list($char, $name, $cat, , , $decomp, , , $num, , , , $upper, $lower, $title,) = explode(';', rtrim($line));

			$ord = hexdec($char);
			if ($ord > 0xFFFF) {
				break;
			} // only process the BMP

			$utf8_char = $this->UnumberToChar($ord);

			if ($upper) {
				$utf8CaseFolding['toUpper'][$utf8_char] = $this->UnumberToChar(hexdec($upper));
			}
			if ($lower) {
				$utf8CaseFolding['toLower'][$utf8_char] = $this->UnumberToChar(hexdec($lower));
			}
				// store "title" only when different from "upper" (only a few)
			if ($title && $title != $upper) {
				$utf8CaseFolding['toTitle'][$utf8_char] = $this->UnumberToChar(hexdec($title));
			}

			switch ($cat{0}) {
				case 'M': // mark (accent, umlaut, ...)
					$mark["U+$char"] = 1;
					break;

				case 'N': // numeric value
					if ($ord > 0x80 && $num != '') {
						$number["U+$char"] = $num;
					}
			}

				// accented Latin letters without "official" decomposition
			$match = array();
			if (preg_match('/^LATIN (SMALL|CAPITAL) LETTER ([A-Z]) WITH/', $name, $match) && !$decomp) {
				$c = ord($match[2]);
				if ($match[1] == 'SMALL') {
					$c += 32;
				}

				$decomposition["U+$char"] = array(dechex($c));
				continue;
			}

			$match = array();
			if (preg_match('/(<.*>)? *(.+)/', $decomp, $match)) {
				switch ($match[1]) {
					case '<circle>': // add parenthesis as circle replacement, eg (1)
						$match[2] = '0028 ' . $match[2] . ' 0029';
						break;

					case '<square>': // add square brackets as square replacement, eg [1]
						$match[2] = '005B ' . $match[2] . ' 005D';
						break;

					case '<compat>': // ignore multi char decompositions that start with a space
						if (preg_match('/^0020 /', $match[2])) {
							continue 2;
						}
						break;

						// ignore Arabic and vertical layout presentation decomposition
					case '<initial>':
					case '<medial>':
					case '<final>':
					case '<isolated>':
					case '<vertical>':
						continue 2;
				}
				$decomposition["U+$char"] = explode(' ', $match[2]);
			}
		}
		fclose($fh);

			// process additional Unicode data for casing (allow folded characters to expand into a sequence)
		$specialCasingFile = PATH_t3lib . 'unidata/SpecialCasing.txt';
		if (t3lib_div::validPathStr($specialCasingFile) && @is_file($specialCasingFile)) {
			$fh = fopen($specialCasingFile, 'rb');
			if ($fh) {
				while (!feof($fh)) {
					$line = fgets($fh, 4096);
					if ($line{0} != '#' && trim($line) != '') {

						list($char, $lower, $title, $upper, $cond) = t3lib_div::trimExplode(';', $line);
						if ($cond == '' || $cond{0} == '#') {
							$utf8_char = $this->UnumberToChar(hexdec($char));
							if ($char != $lower) {
								$arr = explode(' ', $lower);
								for ($i = 0; isset($arr[$i]); $i++) {
									$arr[$i] = $this->UnumberToChar(hexdec($arr[$i]));
								}
								$utf8CaseFolding['toLower'][$utf8_char] = implode('', $arr);
							}
							if ($char != $title && $title != $upper) {
								$arr = explode(' ', $title);
								for ($i = 0; isset($arr[$i]); $i++) {
									$arr[$i] = $this->UnumberToChar(hexdec($arr[$i]));
								}
								$utf8CaseFolding['toTitle'][$utf8_char] = implode('', $arr);
							}
							if ($char != $upper) {
								$arr = explode(' ', $upper);
								for ($i = 0; isset($arr[$i]); $i++) {
									$arr[$i] = $this->UnumberToChar(hexdec($arr[$i]));
								}
								$utf8CaseFolding['toUpper'][$utf8_char] = implode('', $arr);
							}
						}
					}
				}
				fclose($fh);
			}
		}

			// process custom decompositions
		$customTranslitFile = PATH_t3lib . 'unidata/Translit.txt';
		if (t3lib_div::validPathStr($customTranslitFile) && @is_file($customTranslitFile)) {
			$fh = fopen($customTranslitFile, 'rb');
			if ($fh) {
				while (!feof($fh)) {
					$line = fgets($fh, 4096);
					if ($line{0} != '#' && trim($line) != '') {
						list($char, $translit) = t3lib_div::trimExplode(';', $line);
						if (!$translit) {
							$omit["U+$char"] = 1;
						}
						$decomposition["U+$char"] = explode(' ', $translit);

					}
				}
				fclose($fh);
			}
		}

			// decompose and remove marks; inspired by unac (Loic Dachary <loic@senga.org>)
		foreach ($decomposition as $from => $to) {
			$code_decomp = array();

			while ($code_value = array_shift($to)) {
				if (isset($decomposition["U+$code_value"])) { // do recursive decomposition
					foreach (array_reverse($decomposition["U+$code_value"]) as $cv) {
						array_unshift($to, $cv);
					}
				} elseif (!isset($mark["U+$code_value"])) { // remove mark
					array_push($code_decomp, $code_value);
				}
			}
			if (count($code_decomp) || isset($omit[$from])) {
				$decomposition[$from] = $code_decomp;
			} else {
				unset($decomposition[$from]);
			}
		}

			// create ascii only mapping
		$this->toASCII['utf-8'] = array();
		$ascii =& $this->toASCII['utf-8'];

		foreach ($decomposition as $from => $to) {
			$code_decomp = array();
			while ($code_value = array_shift($to)) {
				$ord = hexdec($code_value);
				if ($ord > 127) {
					continue 2;
				} // skip decompositions containing non-ASCII chars
				else
				{
					array_push($code_decomp, chr($ord));
				}
			}
			$ascii[$this->UnumberToChar(hexdec($from))] = join('', $code_decomp);
		}

			// add numeric decompositions
		foreach ($number as $from => $to) {
			$utf8_char = $this->UnumberToChar(hexdec($from));
			if (!isset($ascii[$utf8_char])) {
				$ascii[$utf8_char] = $to;
			}
		}

		if ($cacheFileCase) {
			t3lib_div::writeFileToTypo3tempDir($cacheFileCase, serialize($utf8CaseFolding));
		}

		if ($cacheFileASCII) {
			t3lib_div::writeFileToTypo3tempDir($cacheFileASCII, serialize($ascii));
		}

		return 3;
	}

	/**
	 * This function initializes the folding table for a charset other than UTF-8.
	 * This function is automatically called by the case folding functions.
	 *
	 * @param	string		Charset for which to initialize case folding.
	 * @return	integer		Returns FALSE on error, a TRUE value on success: 1 table already loaded, 2, cached version, 3 table parsed (and cached).
	 * @access private
	 */
	function initCaseFolding($charset) {
			// Only process if the case table is not yet loaded:
		if (is_array($this->caseFolding[$charset])) {
			return 1;
		}

			// Use cached version if possible
		$cacheFile = t3lib_div::getFileAbsFileName('typo3temp/cs/cscase_' . $charset . '.tbl');
		if ($cacheFile && @is_file($cacheFile)) {
			$this->caseFolding[$charset] = unserialize(t3lib_div::getUrl($cacheFile));
			return 2;
		}

			// init UTF-8 conversion for this charset
		if (!$this->initCharset($charset)) {
			return FALSE;
		}

			// UTF-8 case folding is used as the base conversion table
		if (!$this->initUnicodeData('case')) {
			return FALSE;
		}

		$nochar = chr($this->noCharByteVal);
		foreach ($this->parsedCharsets[$charset]['local'] as $ci => $utf8) {
				// reconvert to charset (don't use chr() of numeric value, might be muli-byte)
			$c = $this->utf8_decode($utf8, $charset);

				// $cc = $this->conv($this->caseFolding['utf-8']['toUpper'][$utf8], 'utf-8', $charset);
			$cc = $this->utf8_decode($this->caseFolding['utf-8']['toUpper'][$utf8], $charset);
			if ($cc != '' && $cc != $nochar) {
				$this->caseFolding[$charset]['toUpper'][$c] = $cc;
			}

				// $cc = $this->conv($this->caseFolding['utf-8']['toLower'][$utf8], 'utf-8', $charset);
			$cc = $this->utf8_decode($this->caseFolding['utf-8']['toLower'][$utf8], $charset);
			if ($cc != '' && $cc != $nochar) {
				$this->caseFolding[$charset]['toLower'][$c] = $cc;
			}

				// $cc = $this->conv($this->caseFolding['utf-8']['toTitle'][$utf8], 'utf-8', $charset);
			$cc = $this->utf8_decode($this->caseFolding['utf-8']['toTitle'][$utf8], $charset);
			if ($cc != '' && $cc != $nochar) {
				$this->caseFolding[$charset]['toTitle'][$c] = $cc;
			}
		}

			// add the ASCII case table
		for ($i = ord('a'); $i <= ord('z'); $i++) {
			$this->caseFolding[$charset]['toUpper'][chr($i)] = chr($i - 32);
		}
		for ($i = ord('A'); $i <= ord('Z'); $i++) {
			$this->caseFolding[$charset]['toLower'][chr($i)] = chr($i + 32);
		}

		if ($cacheFile) {
			t3lib_div::writeFileToTypo3tempDir($cacheFile, serialize($this->caseFolding[$charset]));
		}

		return 3;
	}

	/**
	 * This function initializes the to-ASCII conversion table for a charset other than UTF-8.
	 * This function is automatically called by the ASCII transliteration functions.
	 *
	 * @param	string		Charset for which to initialize conversion.
	 * @return	integer		Returns FALSE on error, a TRUE value on success: 1 table already loaded, 2, cached version, 3 table parsed (and cached).
	 * @access private
	 */
	function initToASCII($charset) {
			// Only process if the case table is not yet loaded:
		if (is_array($this->toASCII[$charset])) {
			return 1;
		}

			// Use cached version if possible
		$cacheFile = t3lib_div::getFileAbsFileName('typo3temp/cs/csascii_' . $charset . '.tbl');
		if ($cacheFile && @is_file($cacheFile)) {
			$this->toASCII[$charset] = unserialize(t3lib_div::getUrl($cacheFile));
			return 2;
		}

			// init UTF-8 conversion for this charset
		if (!$this->initCharset($charset)) {
			return FALSE;
		}

			// UTF-8/ASCII transliteration is used as the base conversion table
		if (!$this->initUnicodeData('ascii')) {
			return FALSE;
		}

		$nochar = chr($this->noCharByteVal);
		foreach ($this->parsedCharsets[$charset]['local'] as $ci => $utf8) {
				// reconvert to charset (don't use chr() of numeric value, might be muli-byte)
			$c = $this->utf8_decode($utf8, $charset);

			if (isset($this->toASCII['utf-8'][$utf8])) {
				$this->toASCII[$charset][$c] = $this->toASCII['utf-8'][$utf8];
			}
		}

		if ($cacheFile) {
			t3lib_div::writeFileToTypo3tempDir($cacheFile, serialize($this->toASCII[$charset]));
		}

		return 3;
	}


	/********************************************
	 *
	 * String operation functions
	 *
	 ********************************************/

	/**
	 * Returns a part of a string.
	 * Unit-tested by Kasper (single byte charsets only)
	 *
	 * @param	string		The character set
	 * @param	string		Character string
	 * @param	integer		Start position (character position)
	 * @param	integer		Length (in characters)
	 * @return	string		The substring
	 * @see substr(), mb_substr()
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function substr($charset, $string, $start, $len = NULL) {
		if ($len === 0 || $string === '') {
			return '';
		}

		if ($GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['t3lib_cs_utils'] == 'mbstring') {
				// cannot omit $len, when specifying charset
			if ($len == NULL) {
				$enc = mb_internal_encoding(); // save internal encoding
				mb_internal_encoding($charset);
				$str = mb_substr($string, $start);
				mb_internal_encoding($enc); // restore internal encoding

				return $str;
			}
			else {
				return mb_substr($string, $start, $len, $charset);
			}
		} elseif ($GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['t3lib_cs_utils'] == 'iconv') {
				// cannot omit $len, when specifying charset
			if ($len == NULL) {
				$enc = iconv_get_encoding('internal_encoding'); // save internal encoding
				iconv_set_encoding('internal_encoding', $charset);
				$str = iconv_substr($string, $start);
				iconv_set_encoding('internal_encoding', $enc); // restore internal encoding

				return $str;
			}
			else {
				return iconv_substr($string, $start, $len, $charset);
			}
		} elseif ($charset == 'utf-8') {
			return $this->utf8_substr($string, $start, $len);
		} elseif ($this->eucBasedSets[$charset]) {
			return $this->euc_substr($string, $start, $charset, $len);
		} elseif ($this->twoByteSets[$charset]) {
			return substr($string, $start * 2, $len * 2);
		} elseif ($this->fourByteSets[$charset]) {
			return substr($string, $start * 4, $len * 4);
		}

			// treat everything else as single-byte encoding
		return $len === NULL ? substr($string, $start) : substr($string, $start, $len);
	}

	/**
	 * Counts the number of characters.
	 * Unit-tested by Kasper (single byte charsets only)
	 *
	 * @param	string		The character set
	 * @param	string		Character string
	 * @return	integer		The number of characters
	 * @see strlen()
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function strlen($charset, $string) {
		if ($GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['t3lib_cs_utils'] == 'mbstring') {
			return mb_strlen($string, $charset);
		} elseif ($GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['t3lib_cs_utils'] == 'iconv') {
			return iconv_strlen($string, $charset);
		} elseif ($charset == 'utf-8') {
			return $this->utf8_strlen($string);
		} elseif ($this->eucBasedSets[$charset]) {
			return $this->euc_strlen($string, $charset);
		} elseif ($this->twoByteSets[$charset]) {
			return strlen($string) / 2;
		} elseif ($this->fourByteSets[$charset]) {
			return strlen($string) / 4;
		}
			// treat everything else as single-byte encoding
		return strlen($string);
	}

	/**
	 * Method to crop strings using the mb_substr function.
	 *
	 * @param  string		The character set
	 * @param  string		String to be cropped
	 * @param  integer		Crop length (in characters)
	 * @param  string		Crop signifier
	 * @return string		The shortened string
	 * @see mb_strlen(), mb_substr()
	 */
	protected function cropMbstring($charset, $string, $len, $crop = '') {
		if (intval($len) === 0 || mb_strlen($string, $charset) <= abs($len)) {
			return $string;
		}

		if ($len > 0) {
			$string = mb_substr($string, 0, $len, $charset) . $crop;
		} else {
			$string = $crop . mb_substr($string, $len, mb_strlen($string, $charset), $charset);
		}

		return $string;
	}

	/**
	 * Truncates a string and pre-/appends a string.
	 * Unit tested by Kasper
	 *
	 * @param	string		The character set
	 * @param	string		Character string
	 * @param	integer		Length (in characters)
	 * @param	string		Crop signifier
	 * @return	string		The shortened string
	 * @see substr(), mb_strimwidth()
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function crop($charset, $string, $len, $crop = '') {
		if ($GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['t3lib_cs_utils'] == 'mbstring') {
			return $this->cropMbstring($charset, $string, $len, $crop);
		}

		if (intval($len) == 0) {
			return $string;
		}

		if ($charset == 'utf-8') {
			$i = $this->utf8_char2byte_pos($string, $len);
		} elseif ($this->eucBasedSets[$charset]) {
			$i = $this->euc_char2byte_pos($string, $len, $charset);
		} else {
			if ($len > 0) {
				$i = $len;
			} else {
				$i = strlen($string) + $len;
				if ($i <= 0) {
					$i = FALSE;
				}
			}
		}

		if ($i === FALSE) { // $len outside actual string length
			return $string;
		} else {
			if ($len > 0) {
				if (strlen($string{$i})) {
					return substr($string, 0, $i) . $crop;

				}
			} else {
				if (strlen($string{$i - 1})) {
					return $crop . substr($string, $i);
				}
			}

			/*
			   if (abs($len)<$this->strlen($charset,$string))	{	// Has to use ->strlen() - otherwise multibyte strings ending with a multibyte char will return TRUE here (which is not a catastrophe, but...)
				   if ($len > 0)	{
					   return substr($string,0,$i).$crop;
				   } else {
					   return $crop.substr($string,$i);
				   }
			   }
   */
		}
		return $string;
	}

	/**
	 * Cuts a string short at a given byte length.
	 *
	 * @param	string		The character set
	 * @param	string		Character string
	 * @param	integer		The byte length
	 * @return	string		The shortened string
	 * @see mb_strcut()
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function strtrunc($charset, $string, $len) {
		if ($len <= 0) {
			return '';
		}

		if ($GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['t3lib_cs_utils'] == 'mbstring') {
			return mb_strcut($string, 0, $len, $charset);
		} elseif ($charset == 'utf-8') {
			return $this->utf8_strtrunc($string, $len);
		} elseif ($this->eucBasedSets[$charset]) {
			return $this->euc_strtrunc($string, $len, $charset);
		} elseif ($this->twoByteSets[$charset]) {
			if ($len % 2) {
				$len--;
			} // don't cut at odd positions
		} elseif ($this->fourByteSets[$charset]) {
			$x = $len % 4;
			$len -= $x; // realign to position dividable by four
		}
			// treat everything else as single-byte encoding
		return substr($string, 0, $len);
	}

	/**
	 * Translates all characters of a string into their respective case values.
	 * Unlike strtolower() and strtoupper() this method is locale independent.
	 * Note that the string length may change!
	 * eg. lower case German "ß" (sharp S) becomes upper case "SS"
	 * Unit-tested by Kasper
	 * Real case folding is language dependent, this method ignores this fact.
	 *
	 * @param	string		Character set of string
	 * @param	string		Input string to convert case for
	 * @param	string		Case keyword: "toLower" means lowercase conversion, anything else is uppercase (use "toUpper" )
	 * @return	string		The converted string
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 * @see strtolower(), strtoupper()
	 */
	function conv_case($charset, $string, $case) {
		if ($GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['t3lib_cs_utils'] == 'mbstring') {
			if ($case == 'toLower') {
				$string = mb_strtolower($string, $charset);
			} else {
				$string = mb_strtoupper($string, $charset);
			}
		} elseif ($charset == 'utf-8') {
			$string = $this->utf8_char_mapping($string, 'case', $case);
		} elseif (isset($this->eucBasedSets[$charset])) {
			$string = $this->euc_char_mapping($string, $charset, 'case', $case);
		} else {
				// treat everything else as single-byte encoding
			$string = $this->sb_char_mapping($string, $charset, 'case', $case);
		}

		return $string;
	}

	/**
	 * Equivalent of lcfirst/ucfirst but using character set.
	 *
	 * @param string $charset
	 * @param string $string
	 * @param string $case
	 * @return string
	 * @see t3lib_cs::conv_case()
	 */
	public function convCaseFirst($charset, $string, $case) {
		$firstChar = $this->substr($charset, $string, 0, 1);
		$firstChar = $this->conv_case($charset, $firstChar, $case);
		$remainder = $this->substr($charset, $string, 1);
		return $firstChar . $remainder;
	}

	/**
	 * Converts special chars (like æøåÆØÅ, umlauts etc) to ascii equivalents (usually double-bytes, like æ => ae etc.)
	 *
	 * @param string $charset Character set of string
	 * @param string $string Input string to convert
	 * @return string The converted string
	 */
	function specCharsToASCII($charset, $string) {
		if ($charset == 'utf-8') {
			$string = $this->utf8_char_mapping($string, 'ascii');
		} elseif (isset($this->eucBasedSets[$charset])) {
			$string = $this->euc_char_mapping($string, $charset, 'ascii');
		} else {
				// treat everything else as single-byte encoding
			$string = $this->sb_char_mapping($string, $charset, 'ascii');
		}

		return $string;
	}


	/**
	 * converts the language codes that we get from the client (usually HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE)
	 * into a TYPO3-readable language code
	 * @param	$languageCodesList	list of language codes. something like 'de,en-us;q=0.9,de-de;q=0.7,es-cl;q=0.6,en;q=0.4,es;q=0.3,zh;q=0.1'
	 *			 see http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.4
	 * @return	string	a preferred language that TYPO3 supports, or "default" if none found
	 * @author	Benjamin Mack (benni.typo3.org)
	 */
	public function getPreferredClientLanguage($languageCodesList) {
		$allLanguageCodes = array();
		$selectedLanguage = 'default';

			// get all languages where TYPO3 code is the same as the ISO code
		foreach ($this->charSetArray as $typo3Lang => $charSet) {
			$allLanguageCodes[$typo3Lang] = $typo3Lang;
		}

			// get all languages where TYPO3 code differs from ISO code
			// or needs the country part
			// the iso codes will here overwrite the default typo3 language in the key
		foreach ($this->locales->getIsoMapping() as $typo3Lang => $isoLang) {
			$isoLang = join('-', explode('_', $isoLang));
			$allLanguageCodes[$typo3Lang] = $isoLang;
		}

			// move the iso codes to the (because we're comparing the keys with "isset" later on)
		$allLanguageCodes = array_flip($allLanguageCodes);


		$preferredLanguages = t3lib_div::trimExplode(',', $languageCodesList);
			// order the preferred languages after they key
		$sortedPreferredLanguages = array();
		foreach ($preferredLanguages as $preferredLanguage) {
			$quality = 1.0;
			if (strpos($preferredLanguage, ';q=') !== FALSE) {
				list($preferredLanguage, $quality) = explode(';q=', $preferredLanguage);
			}
			$sortedPreferredLanguages[$preferredLanguage] = $quality;
		}

			// loop through the languages, with the highest priority first
		arsort($sortedPreferredLanguages, SORT_NUMERIC);
		foreach ($sortedPreferredLanguages as $preferredLanguage => $quality) {
			if (isset($allLanguageCodes[$preferredLanguage])) {
				$selectedLanguage = $allLanguageCodes[$preferredLanguage];
				break;
			}

				// strip the country code from the end
			list($preferredLanguage, $preferredCountry) = explode('-', $preferredLanguage);
			if (isset($allLanguageCodes[$preferredLanguage])) {
				$selectedLanguage = $allLanguageCodes[$preferredLanguage];
				break;
			}
		}
		if (!$selectedLanguage || $selectedLanguage == 'en') {
			$selectedLanguage = 'default';
		}
		return $selectedLanguage;
	}


	/********************************************
	 *
	 * Internal string operation functions
	 *
	 ********************************************/

	/**
	 * Maps all characters of a string in a single byte charset.
	 *
	 * @param	string		the string
	 * @param	string		the charset
	 * @param	string		mode: 'case' (case folding) or 'ascii' (ASCII transliteration)
	 * @param	string		'case': conversion 'toLower' or 'toUpper'
	 * @return	string		the converted string
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function sb_char_mapping($str, $charset, $mode, $opt = '') {
		switch ($mode) {
			case 'case':
				if (!$this->initCaseFolding($charset)) {
					return $str;
				} // do nothing
				$map =& $this->caseFolding[$charset][$opt];
				break;

			case 'ascii':
				if (!$this->initToASCII($charset)) {
					return $str;
				} // do nothing
				$map =& $this->toASCII[$charset];
				break;

			default:
				return $str;
		}

		$out = '';
		for ($i = 0; strlen($str{$i}); $i++) {
			$c = $str{$i};
			if (isset($map[$c])) {
				$out .= $map[$c];
			} else {
				$out .= $c;
			}
		}

		return $out;
	}


	/********************************************
	 *
	 * Internal UTF-8 string operation functions
	 *
	 ********************************************/

	/**
	 * Returns a part of a UTF-8 string.
	 * Unit-tested by Kasper and works 100% like substr() / mb_substr() for full range of $start/$len
	 *
	 * @param	string		UTF-8 string
	 * @param	integer		Start position (character position)
	 * @param	integer		Length (in characters)
	 * @return	string		The substring
	 * @see substr()
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function utf8_substr($str, $start, $len = NULL) {
		if (!strcmp($len, '0')) {
			return '';
		}

		$byte_start = $this->utf8_char2byte_pos($str, $start);
		if ($byte_start === FALSE) {
			if ($start > 0) {
				return FALSE; // $start outside string length
			} else {
				$start = 0;
			}
		}

		$str = substr($str, $byte_start);

		if ($len != NULL) {
			$byte_end = $this->utf8_char2byte_pos($str, $len);
			if ($byte_end === FALSE) // $len outside actual string length
			{
				return $len < 0 ? '' : $str;
			} // When length is less than zero and exceeds, then we return blank string.
			else
			{
				return substr($str, 0, $byte_end);
			}
		}
		else	{
			return $str;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Counts the number of characters of a string in UTF-8.
	 * Unit-tested by Kasper and works 100% like strlen() / mb_strlen()
	 *
	 * @param	string		UTF-8 multibyte character string
	 * @return	integer		The number of characters
	 * @see strlen()
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function utf8_strlen($str) {
		$n = 0;
		for ($i = 0; strlen($str{$i}); $i++) {
			$c = ord($str{$i});
			if (!($c & 0x80)) // single-byte (0xxxxxx)
			{
				$n++;
			}
			elseif (($c & 0xC0) == 0xC0) // multi-byte starting byte (11xxxxxx)
			{
				$n++;
			}
		}
		return $n;
	}

	/**
	 * Truncates a string in UTF-8 short at a given byte length.
	 *
	 * @param	string		UTF-8 multibyte character string
	 * @param	integer		the byte length
	 * @return	string		the shortened string
	 * @see mb_strcut()
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function utf8_strtrunc($str, $len) {
		$i = $len - 1;
		if (ord($str{$i}) & 0x80) { // part of a multibyte sequence
			for (; $i > 0 && !(ord($str{$i}) & 0x40); $i--) {
				// find the first byte
				;
			}
			if ($i <= 0) {
				return '';
			} // sanity check
			for ($bc = 0, $mbs = ord($str{$i}); $mbs & 0x80; $mbs = $mbs << 1) {
				// calculate number of bytes
				$bc++;
			}
			if ($bc + $i > $len) {
				return substr($str, 0, $i);
			}
			// fallthru: multibyte char fits into length
		}
		return substr($str, 0, $len);
	}

	/**
	 * Find position of first occurrence of a string, both arguments are in UTF-8.
	 *
	 * @param	string		UTF-8 string to search in
	 * @param	string		UTF-8 string to search for
	 * @param	integer		Positition to start the search
	 * @return	integer		The character position
	 * @see strpos()
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function utf8_strpos($haystack, $needle, $offset = 0) {
		if ($GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['t3lib_cs_utils'] == 'mbstring') {
			return mb_strpos($haystack, $needle, $offset, 'utf-8');
		} elseif ($GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['t3lib_cs_utils'] == 'iconv') {
			return iconv_strpos($haystack, $needle, $offset, 'utf-8');
		}

		$byte_offset = $this->utf8_char2byte_pos($haystack, $offset);
		if ($byte_offset === FALSE) {
			return FALSE;
		} // offset beyond string length

		$byte_pos = strpos($haystack, $needle, $byte_offset);
		if ($byte_pos === FALSE) {
			return FALSE;
		} // needle not found

		return $this->utf8_byte2char_pos($haystack, $byte_pos);
	}

	/**
	 * Find position of last occurrence of a char in a string, both arguments are in UTF-8.
	 *
	 * @param	string		UTF-8 string to search in
	 * @param	string		UTF-8 character to search for (single character)
	 * @return	integer		The character position
	 * @see strrpos()
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function utf8_strrpos($haystack, $needle) {
		if ($GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['t3lib_cs_utils'] == 'mbstring') {
			return mb_strrpos($haystack, $needle, 'utf-8');
		} elseif ($GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS']['SYS']['t3lib_cs_utils'] == 'iconv') {
			return iconv_strrpos($haystack, $needle, 'utf-8');
		}

		$byte_pos = strrpos($haystack, $needle);
		if ($byte_pos === FALSE) {
			return FALSE;
		} // needle not found

		return $this->utf8_byte2char_pos($haystack, $byte_pos);
	}

	/**
	 * Translates a character position into an 'absolute' byte position.
	 * Unit tested by Kasper.
	 *
	 * @param	string		UTF-8 string
	 * @param	integer		Character position (negative values start from the end)
	 * @return	integer		Byte position
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function utf8_char2byte_pos($str, $pos) {
		$n = 0; // number of characters found
		$p = abs($pos); // number of characters wanted

		if ($pos >= 0) {
			$i = 0;
			$d = 1;
		} else {
			$i = strlen($str) - 1;
			$d = -1;
		}

		for (; strlen($str{$i}) && $n < $p; $i += $d) {
			$c = (int) ord($str{$i});
			if (!($c & 0x80)) // single-byte (0xxxxxx)
			{
				$n++;
			}
			elseif (($c & 0xC0) == 0xC0) // multi-byte starting byte (11xxxxxx)
			{
				$n++;
			}
		}
		if (!strlen($str{$i})) {
			return FALSE;
		} // offset beyond string length

		if ($pos >= 0) {
				// skip trailing multi-byte data bytes
			while ((ord($str{$i}) & 0x80) && !(ord($str{$i}) & 0x40)) {
				$i++;
			}
		} else {
				// correct offset
			$i++;
		}

		return $i;
	}

	/**
	 * Translates an 'absolute' byte position into a character position.
	 * Unit tested by Kasper.
	 *
	 * @param	string		UTF-8 string
	 * @param	integer		byte position
	 * @return	integer		character position
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function utf8_byte2char_pos($str, $pos) {
		$n = 0; // number of characters
		for ($i = $pos; $i > 0; $i--) {
			$c = (int) ord($str{$i});
			if (!($c & 0x80)) // single-byte (0xxxxxx)
			{
				$n++;
			}
			elseif (($c & 0xC0) == 0xC0) // multi-byte starting byte (11xxxxxx)
			{
				$n++;
			}
		}
		if (!strlen($str{$i})) {
			return FALSE;
		} // offset beyond string length

		return $n;
	}

	/**
	 * Maps all characters of an UTF-8 string.
	 *
	 * @param	string		UTF-8 string
	 * @param	string		mode: 'case' (case folding) or 'ascii' (ASCII transliteration)
	 * @param	string		'case': conversion 'toLower' or 'toUpper'
	 * @return	string		the converted string
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function utf8_char_mapping($str, $mode, $opt = '') {
		if (!$this->initUnicodeData($mode)) {
			return $str;
		} // do nothing

		$out = '';
		switch ($mode) {
			case 'case':
				$map =& $this->caseFolding['utf-8'][$opt];
				break;

			case 'ascii':
				$map =& $this->toASCII['utf-8'];
				break;

			default:
				return $str;
		}

		for ($i = 0; strlen($str{$i}); $i++) {
			$c = ord($str{$i});
			if (!($c & 0x80)) // single-byte (0xxxxxx)
			{
				$mbc = $str{$i};
			}
			elseif (($c & 0xC0) == 0xC0) { // multi-byte starting byte (11xxxxxx)
				for ($bc = 0; $c & 0x80; $c = $c << 1) {
					$bc++;
				} // calculate number of bytes
				$mbc = substr($str, $i, $bc);
				$i += $bc - 1;
			}

			if (isset($map[$mbc])) {
				$out .= $map[$mbc];
			} else {
				$out .= $mbc;
			}
		}

		return $out;
	}


	/********************************************
	 *
	 * Internal EUC string operation functions
	 *
	 * Extended Unix Code:
	 *  ASCII compatible 7bit single bytes chars
	 *  8bit two byte chars
	 *
	 * Shift-JIS is treated as a special case.
	 *
	 ********************************************/

	/**
	 * Cuts a string in the EUC charset family short at a given byte length.
	 *
	 * @param	string		EUC multibyte character string
	 * @param	integer		the byte length
	 * @param	string		the charset
	 * @return	string		the shortened string
	 * @see mb_strcut()
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function euc_strtrunc($str, $len, $charset) {
		$sjis = ($charset == 'shift_jis');
		for ($i = 0; strlen($str{$i}) && $i < $len; $i++) {
			$c = ord($str{$i});
			if ($sjis) {
				if (($c >= 0x80 && $c < 0xA0) || ($c >= 0xE0)) {
					$i++;
				} // advance a double-byte char
			}
			else {
				if ($c >= 0x80) {
					$i++;
				} // advance a double-byte char
			}
		}
		if (!strlen($str{$i})) {
			return $str;
		} // string shorter than supplied length

		if ($i > $len) {
			return substr($str, 0, $len - 1); // we ended on a first byte
		} else {
			return substr($str, 0, $len);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a part of a string in the EUC charset family.
	 *
	 * @param	string		EUC multibyte character string
	 * @param	integer		start position (character position)
	 * @param	string		the charset
	 * @param	integer		length (in characters)
	 * @return	string		the substring
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function euc_substr($str, $start, $charset, $len = NULL) {
		$byte_start = $this->euc_char2byte_pos($str, $start, $charset);
		if ($byte_start === FALSE) {
			return FALSE;
		} // $start outside string length

		$str = substr($str, $byte_start);

		if ($len != NULL) {
			$byte_end = $this->euc_char2byte_pos($str, $len, $charset);
			if ($byte_end === FALSE) // $len outside actual string length
			{
				return $str;
			}
			else
			{
				return substr($str, 0, $byte_end);
			}
		}
		else	{
			return $str;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Counts the number of characters of a string in the EUC charset family.
	 *
	 * @param	string		EUC multibyte character string
	 * @param	string		the charset
	 * @return	integer		the number of characters
	 * @see strlen()
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function euc_strlen($str, $charset) {
		$sjis = ($charset == 'shift_jis');
		$n = 0;
		for ($i = 0; strlen($str{$i}); $i++) {
			$c = ord($str{$i});
			if ($sjis) {
				if (($c >= 0x80 && $c < 0xA0) || ($c >= 0xE0)) {
					$i++;
				} // advance a double-byte char
			}
			else {
				if ($c >= 0x80) {
					$i++;
				} // advance a double-byte char
			}

			$n++;
		}

		return $n;
	}

	/**
	 * Translates a character position into an 'absolute' byte position.
	 *
	 * @param	string		EUC multibyte character string
	 * @param	integer		character position (negative values start from the end)
	 * @param	string		the charset
	 * @return	integer		byte position
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function euc_char2byte_pos($str, $pos, $charset) {
		$sjis = ($charset == 'shift_jis');
		$n = 0; // number of characters seen
		$p = abs($pos); // number of characters wanted

		if ($pos >= 0) {
			$i = 0;
			$d = 1;
		} else {
			$i = strlen($str) - 1;
			$d = -1;
		}

		for (; strlen($str{$i}) && $n < $p; $i += $d) {
			$c = ord($str{$i});
			if ($sjis) {
				if (($c >= 0x80 && $c < 0xA0) || ($c >= 0xE0)) {
					$i += $d;
				} // advance a double-byte char
			}
			else {
				if ($c >= 0x80) {
					$i += $d;
				} // advance a double-byte char
			}

			$n++;
		}
		if (!strlen($str{$i})) {
			return FALSE;
		} // offset beyond string length

		if ($pos < 0) {
			$i++;
		} // correct offset

		return $i;
	}

	/**
	 * Maps all characters of a string in the EUC charset family.
	 *
	 * @param	string		EUC multibyte character string
	 * @param	string		the charset
	 * @param	string		mode: 'case' (case folding) or 'ascii' (ASCII transliteration)
	 * @param	string		'case': conversion 'toLower' or 'toUpper'
	 * @return	string		the converted string
	 * @author	Martin Kutschker <martin.t.kutschker@blackbox.net>
	 */
	function euc_char_mapping($str, $charset, $mode, $opt = '') {
		switch ($mode) {
			case 'case':
				if (!$this->initCaseFolding($charset)) {
					return $str;
				} // do nothing
				$map =& $this->caseFolding[$charset][$opt];
				break;

			case 'ascii':
				if (!$this->initToASCII($charset)) {
					return $str;
				} // do nothing
				$map =& $this->toASCII[$charset];
				break;

			default:
				return $str;
		}

		$sjis = ($charset == 'shift_jis');
		$out = '';
		for ($i = 0; strlen($str{$i}); $i++) {
			$mbc = $str{$i};
			$c = ord($mbc);

			if ($sjis) {
				if (($c >= 0x80 && $c < 0xA0) || ($c >= 0xE0)) { // a double-byte char
					$mbc = substr($str, $i, 2);
					$i++;
				}
			}
			else {
				if ($c >= 0x80) { // a double-byte char
					$mbc = substr($str, $i, 2);
					$i++;
				}
			}

			if (isset($map[$mbc])) {
				$out .= $map[$mbc];
			} else {
				$out .= $mbc;
			}
		}

		return $out;
	}

}

if (defined('TYPO3_MODE') && isset($GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS'][TYPO3_MODE]['XCLASS']['t3lib/class.t3lib_cs.php'])) {
	include_once($GLOBALS['TYPO3_CONF_VARS'][TYPO3_MODE]['XCLASS']['t3lib/class.t3lib_cs.php']);
}

?>